How to Calculate the Carbohydrate and Protein Content of Cat Foods

After reading your last 2 posts on how to feed cats with diabetes, I realize that I don’t really understand how to determine the carbohydrate or protein content of cat (or dog) foods. I have looked on the packaging of a few diets and can only find listing for crude protein (listed as a minimum), without any listing for carbohydrates. Is fiber the same as the carbohydrate content?

For example, when I go onto the Fancy Feast website for the nutritional information for the Classic Chopped Grill Feast, the nutritional information is listed like this:

• Crude Protein (Min) 10.0%
• Crude Fat (Min) 6.0%
• Crude Fiber (Max) 1.5%
• Moisture (Max) 78.0%
• Ash (Max) 3.3%
• Taurine (Min) 0.05%

So how in the world do I calculate the percent protein content (as the % of calories ingested) from this information? Again, carbohydrates aren't even listed so how do I calculate that figure? Obviously, I need a need a crash course on how to determine the the protein and carbohydrate content of fed foods so I can recommend the best diets to feed.

My Response:

That is actually a great question, as it is not intuitive. The pet food companies are only required to provide a "Guaranteed Analysis" on the pet food label, as well as a list of ingredients (1,2). They never list the carbohydrate content on the label. Carbohydrate must be calculated by subtracting all of the other ingredients from the diet (see below); it is not determined directly in pet food.

The other confusing thing about pet foods is that, although the label lists the breakdown as Guaranteed Analysis, this is not a very accurate way to express the protein or carb content of a diet. It is much more accurate to express the composition of the food on a dry matter basis (DMB) or even better, as the metabolizable energy (ME) or calorie basis, but that information will never be found on the label.

What does Guaranteed Analysis tell us?
As you pointed out in your question, the guaranteed analysis lists the minimum levels of crude protein and fat and the maximum levels of crude fiber and moisture. The term “crude” signifies that all sources of protein, fat, and fiber are included—not just digestible sources. Guaranteed analysis should always be evaluated in conjunction with the ingredient list to help us determine the adequacy of the diet.

Looking at these percentage values by themselves is of little value in evaluating or comparing the carbohydrate, protein, or fat content of different cat foods. Also, the information on guaranteed analyses listed on pet food labels can never be totally accurate since the label only requires minimums and maximums, not exact measurements.

Converting the Guaranteed Analysis to percentage values on a dry matter or calorie basis
If we are going to use the guaranteed analysis at all, it is best to convert the protein, fat, and carb listing to % values on a dry matter basis (DMB) or metabolizable energy (ME)/calorie basis.

To convert the guaranteed analysis into a dry matter profile, this is what we can do. Begin at 100%, subtract the values for % moisture as listed on the label. The remaining percentage gives us the actual amount of dry matter in the pet food product. Next, take the listed percentage of one of the main nutrients (protein or fat), and divide that number by the percentage of dry matter. This will give us the actual dry matter percentage of the nutrient in the food.

So for your example Fancy Feast food (above), the water content is listed on the label as 78% (max moisture), and the crude protein content analysis is guaranteed to be a minimum of 10%. Subtracting the 78% water content from 100% leaves us with 22% dry matter in the cat food product. Then dividing that 10% protein value by the 22% dry matter calculates out to give us a protein content of 45.5% (DMB).  For the 6% fat figure, this calculates out to give a a fat content of 27.3% (DMB). As you can see, the percentages aren't even close to those we started with on the label.

But what about the carbs? As you stated in your question, they aren't listed on the guaranteed analysis! To estimate the carbohydrate content from the percentage figures on the label, we must first add up everything else listed within guaranteed analysis and subtract that total amount from 100%. So again, we need to add up the protein, fat, fiber, moisture, and ash percentages, and then subtract from 100 to get a % carbs portion on a dry matter basis. So in this example food, the total adds up to 98.8%, leaving on 1.2% carbs.

Next step: Converting the percentage from dry matter basis to metabolizable energy/calorie basis
When analyzing a diet, I like to examine or calculate the amount of the calories each nutrient (i.e., protein, fat or carbohydrates) provides — this is called the “metabolizable energy,” abbreviated ME. This measure disregards any part of the food that does not provide any energy (kcal) such as water, ash, or fiber. It only considers the 3 nutrients that provide the needed calories and nothing else.

It's these ME percent values I am referring to when I recommend that diabetic cats be fed a diet containing less than 12% carbs and more than 40% protein.

To convert the nutrient composition from a DMB to a ME basis, we must remember that protein and carbohydrate both provide approximately 3.5 kcal/g of food, whereas fat provides much more — approximately 8.5 kcal/g of food. Thus, in this diet, the energy provided by protein is 45.5% times 3.5 kcal/g, or 159 kcal, and the energy provided by fat and carbohydrate are 232 kcal and 4 kcal, respectively, for a total of 395 kcal. The percentage of metabolizable energy that is provided from protein, fat, and carb is then calculated (by dividing the 159, 232, and 4 kcal each by 395 kcal and multiplying by 100), which gives us a protein, fat, and carb content (ME) of approximately 40.3%. 58.7%, and 1.0%, respectively.

Too Complicated? Here's 2 Simpler Ways to Get the Same Information

Instead of going through all of these calculations, one should remember that some pet food companies list the composition of their diets on a DMB or as a percent of calorie (ME basis) on their website. If you call any reputable pet food company, they can certainly provided that information for us. But for those who don't have time to call pet food companies, here are two easy ways to get the information.

First way: Go to the BalanceIT website and use the Guaranteed Analysis Converter (3). Once on this web page, simply enter the values for crude protein, crude fat, moisture, fiber, and ash (see Figure below). This converter will calculate the percent of calories that food provides as protein, fat, and carbs (ME basis). This does all of the calculations for you!

Guaranteed Analysis Converter available on the BalanceIT website.

Again, we must remember that the information provided with the guaranteed analysis will never be 100% accurate since the pet food label only requires minimums and maximums, not exact measurements. But these calculations still should provide a pretty good estimate of the diet composition.

Second way: Go to CatInfo.org website and open the link to the Protein/Fat/Carbs chart on the right panel of the home page (4). This gives a list of many different kinds and brands of canned cat foods, providing the composition of each diet (protein, fats, and carbs) both as a percentage of calorie provided (ME basis) as well as on a dry matter percentage.

This is the most up-to-date list of canned cat food available.  Unfortunately, some pet food companies change their products and formulations often, making at least some of the information on any compiled list rapidly go out-of-date. As Dr. Pierson has told me, it can be very difficult to pry these numbers from some companies (they act as if this is top secret information); therefore, keeping any list completely current would be a monumental task.  That all said, I find this information to be an extremely useful guide when selecting the best cat food diet(s) to feed my diabetic patients.

References:

1. AAFCO web site. Nutritional Labeling. 
2. U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine web site. Pet food labels— general. 
3. BalanceIT website
4. CatInfo.org website

How to Feed Cats with Diabetes: Part 2— Protein

Evolutionary events shaped the cat’s core metabolism such that their systems are uniquely set up to metabolize a diet which is high in moisture, high in protein, and very low in carbohydrates. Because this is the diet cats have relied upon for tens of thousands of years, they depend more on protein intake than omnivores (e.g., dogs and man) (1-3).

As I discussed in my last blog post (How to Feed Cats with Diabetes), cats do not have the ability to process carbohydrates very efficiently and show relative carbohydrate intolerance. This becomes extremely important when selecting a diet for cats with diabetes, and what is fed can play a key role in the successful management of the diabetic cat.

Weight Loss, Obesity, Muscle Wasting, and Sarcopenia— Common Features of Diabetes
At time of diagnosis of diabetes, weight loss is reported in about 70% of cats. However, cats are more often overweight or obese (40%) than of normal weight or underweight. In addition, muscle wasting and poor muscle condition scores are reported in about half of cats with diabetes.

One contributing factor for the muscle wasting seen in the diabetic cats is their age. The typical diabetic cat is a senior, with about 70% older than 10 years of age at time of diagnosis (4,5). Therefore, since most of these cats are older, they are also prone to develop sarcopenia (from the Greek meaning "poverty of flesh") which is commonly associated with aging. 

In human patients, Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of concurrent sarcopenia (8). In addition, because skeletal muscle is a primary site for insulin-mediated glucose uptake and deposition, sarcopenia (and especially sarcopenic obesity) (9) may promote insulin resistance, predisposing patients to development of type 2 diabetes and making existing diabetes more difficult to control (10,11).

We do not know if the loss of muscle mass alone (sarcopenia) or combined with weight gain (i.e., sarcopenic obesity) also contributes to the insulin resistance and hyperglycemia associated with the feline disorder. However, given that both obesity and some degree of muscle wasting are common in diabetic cats, it seems reasonable to assume that sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity may indeed contribute to worsening of feline diabetes, as it does in man (8-11).

Management Goals of Feline Diabetes
In cats with diabetes, a primary goal of therapy is to feed a diet that will lessen postprandial hyperglycemia, reduce marked fluctuations of blood glucose concentrations, minimize the demand on beta cells to produce insulin, and improve insulin sensitivity (6,7,12). By doing this, we decrease the effect of “glucose toxicity” and hopefully allow the pancreatic islet cell to partially recover. In about half of newly diagnosed diabetic cats, this will lead to remission of the diabetic state (13-15). As I discussed last week, we can do this in our diabetic cats by feeding a diet low in carbohydrates.

A secondary goal of therapy is to provide a diet that will help normalize body weight and maintain and/or restore lost muscle mass (16,17), as discussed below.

Recommendations for Diabetic Cats: Higher Dietary Protein:
Because diabetes is a catabolic state, loss of muscle mass is common in cats with diabetes, even if their body condition score indicates overweight or obesity. In these cats, high-protein diets are essential to ensure replacement of any lost muscle mass. In addition, higher protein diets will help prevent the hepatic lipidosis from developing during induction of weight loss (needed in many diabetic cats), and are essential to increasing metabolism to help promote fat burning and normal insulin function (16-19).

Protein is the primary macronutrient responsible for maintenance of muscle mass (20,21). Restoring and preserving any remaining muscle tissue in diabetic cats, an obligate carnivore, depends upon the cat consuming a diet with sufficient amounts of high-quality protein (greater than 40% ME; greater than 10 g/100kcal). This higher than average protein level also helps restore and maintain lost muscle mass, since many diabetic cats will develop “sarcopenia” as they age.

Although it is important to implement a low-carbohydrate/high protein diet in the management of cats with diabetes as soon as possible, there are circumstances where this should be delayed or may be inappropriate (18). For example, in cats with advanced (IRIS stage 3-4) chronic kidney disease (CKD) requiring phosphorus restriction and a reduction in dietary protein, high-protein/low-carbohydrate diabetic diets may not be appropriate (19,22,23).

In cats with earlier stages of CKD, phosphorus should be restricted using other methods than changing to a protein-restricted/higher carb diet (if possible), because feeding higher amounts of carbohydrates would reduce the probability of remission. It is important to remember that over-the-counter low carbohydrate cat foods often contain predominantly fish or meat and tend to have substantially higher phosphate levels than some of the veterinary prescription diets designed for diabetes.

References:

1. MacDonald ML, Rogers QR, Morris JG. Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore. Annu Rev Nutr 1984;4:521-562. 
2. Zoran DL. The carnivore connection to nutrition in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:1559-1567. 
3. Eisert R. Hypercarnivory and the brain: protein requirements of cats reconsidered. J Comp Physiol B 2011;181:1-17. 
4. Farrow H, Rand JS, Morton JM, et al. Postprandial glycemia in cats fed a moderate carbohydrate meal persists for a median of 12 hours -- female cats have higher peak glucose concentrations. J Feline Med Surg 2012;14:706-715. 
5. Farrow HA, Rand JS, Morton JM, et al. Effect of dietary carbohydrate, fat, and protein on postprandial glycemia and energy intake in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013;27:1121-1135. 
6. Rand JS. Feline diabetes mellitus In: Mooney CT, Peterson ME, eds. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Endocrinology. Fourth ed. Quedgeley, Gloucester: British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2012;133-147.
7. Baral RM, Little SE. Endocrine pancreatic disorders In: Little SE, ed. The Cat: Clinical Medicine and Management. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012;547-571.
8. Kim TN, Park MS, Yang SJ, et al. Prevalence and determinant factors of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS). Diabetes Care 2010;33:1497-1499. 
9. Stenholm S, Harris TB, Rantanen T, et al. Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008;11:693-700. 
10. Srikanthan P, Hevener AL, Karlamangla AS. Sarcopenia exacerbates obesity-associated insulin resistance and dysglycemia: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. PLoS One 2010;5:e10805. 
11. Moon SS. Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in the Korean population: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2009-2010. Endocr J 2013. 
12. Zini E, Osto M, Franchini M, et al. Hyperglycaemia but not hyperlipidaemia causes beta cell dysfunction and beta cell loss in the domestic cat. Diabetologia 2009;52:336-346. 
13. Zini E, Hafner M, Osto M, et al. Predictors of clinical remission in cats with diabetes mellitus. J Vet Intern Med 2010;24:1314-1321. 
14. Reusch CE, Hafner M, Tschuor F, et al. Diabetes remission in cats: a review. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2011;153:495-500. 
15. Gottlieb S, Rand JS. Remission in cats: including predictors and risk factors. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013;43:245-249. 
16. Nguyen P, Leray V, Dumon H, et al. High protein intake affects lean body mass but not energy expenditure in nonobese neutered cats. J Nutr 2004;134:2084S-2086S. 
17. Keller U. Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2011;81:125-133. 
18. Zoran DL, Rand JS. The role of diet in the prevention and management of feline diabetes. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013;43:233-243. 
19. Frank G, Anderson W, Pazak H, et al. Use of a high-protein diet in the management of feline diabetes mellitus. Vet Ther 2001;2:238-246. 
20. Paddon-Jones D, Short KR, Campbell WW, et al. Role of dietary protein in the sarcopenia of aging. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1562S-1566S. 
21. Wakshlag JJ. Dietary protein consumption in the healthy aging companion animal. Proceedings of the Nestlé Purina Companion Animal Nutrition Summit: Focus on Gerontology 2010;32-39.
22. Kidder AC, Chew D. Treatment options for hyperphosphatemia in feline CKD: what's out there? J Feline Med Surg 2009;11:913-924. 
23. Ross SJ, Osborne CA, Kirk CA, et al. Clinical evaluation of dietary modification for treatment of spontaneous chronic kidney disease in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:949-957.